Nueva herramienta de comunicación para el entrenamiento de soporte vital básico: smart glasses. Un diseño cuasiexperimental / New communication tool for basic life support training: smart glasses. A quasi-experimental study

Objetivo Analizar la efectividad de una metodología de enseñanza-aprendizaje de teleformación en soporte vital básico (SVB) basada en la comunicación a través de smart glasses. Diseño Estudio piloto cuasiexperimental de no inferioridad. Participantes Un total de 60 estudiantes universitarios. Intervenciones Aleatorización de los participantes en: grupo de teleformación a través de smart glasses (SG) y de formación tradicional (C). Ambas sesiones de entrenamiento fueron muy breves (<8 minutos) e incluyeron el mismo contenido en SVB. En SG, la capacitación fue comunicándose a través de una videollamada con smart glasses. Variables de interés principales Se evaluó el protocolo del SVB, el uso de desfibrilador externo automático (DEA), la calidad de la reanimación y los tiempos de actuación. Resultados En la mayoría de las variables del protocolo del SVB, la calidad de la reanimación y los tiempos de ejecución no hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre grupos. Hubo mejor actuación de SG al valorar la respiración (SG: 100%, C: 81%; p=0,013), el avisar antes de la descarga del DEA (SG: 79%, C: 52%; p=0,025) y las compresiones con buena reexpansión (SG: 85%, C: 32%; p=0,008). Conclusiones El tele-entrenamiento en SVB-DEA para legos con smart glasses podría llegar a ser, al menos, tan efectivo como un método tradicional de enseñanza. Además, las smart glasses podrían ser más ventajosas para ciertos aspectos del protocolo del SVB y la calidad de las compresiones, probablemente debido a la capacidad de visualización de imágenes en tiempo real. La enseñanza basada en la realidad aumentada debe considerarse para la capacitación en SVB, aunque se requiere tanto cautela en la extrapolación de hallazgos como estudios futuros con mayor profundidad. (AU)

Aim To analyze the effectiveness of a teaching-learning methodology for teletraining in basic life support (BLS) based on communication through smart glasses. Design Pilot quasi-experimental non-inferiority study. Participants Sixty college students. Interventions Randomization of the participants in: tele-training through smart glasses (SG) and traditional training (C) groups. Both training sessions were very brief (less than 8 minutes) and included the same BLS content. In SG, the instructor trained through a video call with smart glasses. Main variables of interest The BLS protocol, the use of AED, the quality of resuscitation and the response times were evaluated. Results In most of the BLS protocol variables, the resuscitation quality and performance times, there were no statistically significant differences between groups. There were significant differences (in favor of the SG) in the assessment of breathing (SG: 100%, CG: 81%; p=0.013), the not-to-touch warning before applying the shock (SG: 79%, CG: 52%; p=0.025) and compressions with correct recoil (SG: 85%, CG: 32%; p=0.008). Conclusions Laypeople BLS-AED brief tele-training through smart glasses could potentially be, at least, as effective as traditional training methods. In addition, smart glasses could be more advantageous than traditional teaching for certain points of the BLS protocol and chest compressions quality, probably due to the capability of real-time visualization of images which supports the BLS sequence. Augmented reality supported teaching should be considered for BLS training, although caution is required in extrapolating findings, and further in-depth studies are needed to confirm its potential role depending on concrete target populations and environments. (AU)

New communication tool for basic life support training: smart glasses. A quasi-experimental study.

AIM: To analyze the effectiveness of a teaching-learning methodology for teletraining in basic life support (BLS) based on communication through smart glasses. DESIGN: Pilot quasi-experimental non-inferiority study. PARTICIPANTS: Sixty college students. INTERVENTIONS: Randomization of the participants in: tele-training through smart glasses (SG) and traditional training (C) groups. Both training sessions were very brief (less than 8 min) and included the same BLS content. In SG, the instructor trained through a video call with smart glasses. MAIN VARIABLES OF INTEREST: The BLS protocol, the use of AED, the quality of resuscitation and the response times were evaluated. RESULTS: In most of the BLS protocol variables, the resuscitation quality and performance times, there were no statistically significant differences between groups. There were significant differences (in favor of the SG) in the assessment of breathing (SG: 100%, C: 81%; p = 0.013), the not-to-touch warning before applying the shock (SG: 79%, C: 52%; p = 0.025) and compressions with correct recoil (SG: 85%, C: 32%; p = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS: Laypeople BLS-AED brief tele-training through smart glasses could potentially be, at least, as effective as traditional training methods. In addition, smart glasses could be more advantageous than traditional teaching for certain points of the BLS protocol and chest compressions quality, probably due to the capability of real-time visualization of images which supports the BLS sequence. Augmented reality supported teaching should be considered for BLS training, although caution is required in extrapolating findings, and further in-depth studies are needed to confirm its potential role depending on concrete target populations and environments.

A relevância em abordar suporte básico de vida para estudantes em escolas públicas e privadas / The relevance of addressing basic life support for students in public and private schools / La relevancia de abordar el soportevital básico para estudiantes en escuelas públicas y privadas

Objetivo:Investigar a relevância da abordagem de suporte básico de vida aos estudantes nas escolas públicas e privadas. Método:Trata-se de um trabalho constituído através de um estudo descritivo, exploratório, por intermédio de uma revisão sistemática, utilizandoestratégias qualitativas de pesquisa. Ao todo, nove artigos foram escolhidos, cujos critérios foram inclusão, exclusão e éticos. Posteriormente houve a leitura dos textos completos e descarte de conteúdos que fugiam da temática. Utilizou-se como base de dados a Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde e a PUBMED (Serviço da U. S. National Library of Medicine). Resultados:Verificou-se que os estudantes que tiveram contato com a temática Suporte Básico de Vida, por meio de simulações e questionários, se mostraram mais preparados para salvar vidas, prevenir acidentes e reduzir danos. Visto que, as emoções e o desenvolvimento de habilidades foram diretamente ligadas, pois, as emoções positivas contribuíram para maior adesão das informações e desenvolvimento de habilidades. Considerações Finais: Assim sendo, os estudantes entendem a relevância de abordar esse assunto e com treinamento contínuo nas escolas a longo prazo irá manter a expertise dos alunos, garantindo chances altas para salvar uma vida.

Objective:To investigate the relevance of the basic life support approach to students in public and private schools. Method:This is a work constituted through a descriptive, exploratory study, through an integrative review, using qualitative research strategies. In all, nine articles were chosen, whose criteria were inclusion, exclusion and ethical. Subsequently, the complete texts were read and contents that deviated from the theme were discarded. The Virtual Health Library and PUBMED (Service of the U.S. National Library of Medicine) were used as a database. Results:It was found that students who had contact with the theme Basic Life Support, through simulations and questionnaires, were more prepared to save lives, prevent accidents and reduce harm. Since emotions and skill development were directly linked, as positive emotions contributed to greater adherence to information and skill development. Final considerations:Therefore, students understand the relevance of addressing this subject and with continuous training in schools in the long term, students' expertise will be maintained, guaranteeing high chances of saving a life.

Objetivo:Investigar la pertinencia del abordaje de soporte vital básico para estudiantes de escuelas públicas y privadas. Método: Este es un trabajo constituido a través de un estudio descriptivo, exploratorio, a través de una revisión integradora, utilizando estrategias de investigación cualitativa. En total, se eligieron nueve artículos, cuyos criterios fueron de inclusión, exclusión y éticos. Posteriormente, se leyeron los textos completos y se descartaron los contenidos que se desviaban del tema. Se utilizó como base de datos la Virtual Health Library y PUBMED (Service of the U.S. National Library of Medicine). Resultados: Se constató que los estudiantes que tuvieron contacto con el tema Soporte Básico de Vida, a través de simulacros y cuestionarios, estaban máspreparados para salvar vidas, prevenir accidentes y reducir daños. Dado que las emociones y el desarrollo de habilidades estaban directamente relacionados, las emociones positivas contribuyeron a una mayor adherencia a la información y al desarrollo de habilidades. Consideraciones Finales: Por lo tanto, los estudiantes entienden la relevancia de abordar este tema y con la formación continua en las escuelas a largo plazo, se mantendrá la experiencia de los estudiantes, garantizando altas posibilidades de salvar una vida

RCParvulari training: A basic life support training methodology applied to 5-year-old students: Effectiveness in a cluster-randomized clinical trail.

INTRODUCTION: Basic life support training in school age is a topical issue because, with adequate training, any person can help save a life. METHODS: Cluster clinical trial with data collection through an ad hoc self-administered, semi-structured questionnaire. The target population encompassed the students aged 4-6 years enrolled in 49 educational centres. The centres were randomly allocated to the intervention or control group. The intervention group was trained with the RCParvulari® methodology, consisting of theoretical and practical training on the first link of the chain of survival. The control group only received theoretical training. We evaluated participants before and immediately after the intervention and between 3 and 12 months post intervention by means of the questionnaire. We assessed the acquisition and retention over time of the knowledge and skills covered in the training compared to previous trainings in both groups. RESULTS: A total of 1327 schoolchildren (79% of the target population) participated. The level of knowledge acquired immediately after training and after 3-12 months compared to baseline was significantly better (P < .001) in the intervention group than in the control group, both in early recognition and contacting of emergency services (112) and in remembering the "mouth-nose-eyes" mnemonic. CONCLUSIONS: The RCParvulari® methodology significantly contributed to an improved ability to recognize a possible medical emergency, start the chain of survival by alerting an adult and call the 112 emergency number in students in the last year of preschool education.

Formación RCParvulari: una metodología de formación en soporte vital básico aplicado al alumnado de 5 años de educación infantil: Efectividad en un ensayo clínico aleatorizado por conglomerados / RCParvulari training: A basic life support training methodology applied to 5-year-old students: Effectiveness in a cluster-randomized clinical trail

Introducción: La formación en soporte vital básico en edad escolar es un tema de actualidad, ya que, con una formación adecuada, todo individuo puede ayudar a salvar una vida. Métodos: Ensayo clínico por conglomerados basado en un cuestionario ad hoc, autoadministrable y semiestructurado. La población diana fueron alumnos de entre cuatro y seis años de 49 centros educativos. Los centros se aleatorizaron en grupo intervención y control. El grupo intervención recibió la metodología RCParvulari®, consistente en una formación teórico-práctica sobre el primer anillo de la cadena de supervivencia. El grupo control solo recibió una formación teórica. Los sujetos de estudio fueron evaluados preintervención, postintervención y entre tres y 12 meses después mediante un cuestionario. Se valoró adquisición y retención a lo largo del tiempo de la información recibida, en comparación con la formación previa en ambos grupos. Resultados: Participaron un total de 1.327 escolares (79% de la población diana). El nivel de conocimientos adquiridos inmediatamente después de la formación y pasados tres a 12 meses aumentó más respecto al basal en el grupo intervención que en el grupo control con diferencias significativas (p < 0,001), tanto al reconocer y llamar al número de emergencias 112, como al recordar la mnemotecnia «boca-nariz-ojos». Conclusiones: La metodología RCParvulari® contribuyó de forma significativa a mejorar la capacidad del alumnado de quinto curso de educación infantil para reconocer una eventual emergencia médica, poner en marcha la cadena de la supervivencia alertando a un adulto y llamando al número de emergencias 112. (AU)

Introduction: Basic life support training in school age is a topical issue because, with adequate training, any person can help save a life. Methods: Cluster clinical trial with data collection through an ad hoc self-administered, semi-structured questionnaire. The target population encompassed the students aged 4–6 years enrolled in 49 educational centres. The centres were randomly allocated to the intervention or control group. The intervention group was trained with the RCParvulari® methodology, consisting of theoretical and practical training on the first link of the chain of survival. The control group only received theoretical training. We evaluated participants before and immediately after the intervention and between 3 and 12 months post-intervention by means of the questionnaire. We assessed the acquisition and retention over time of the knowledge and skills covered in the training compared to previous trainings in both groups. Results: A total of 1327 schoolchildren (79% of the target population) participated. The level of knowledge acquired immediately after training and after 3–12 months compared to baseline was significantly better (P<.001) in the intervention group than in the control group, both in early recognition and contacting of emergency services (112) and in remembering the “mouth-nose-eyes” mnemonic. Conclusions: The RCParvulari® methodology significantly contributed to an improved ability to recognize a possible medical emergency, start the chain of survival by alerting an adult and call the 112 emergency number in students in the last year of preschool education. (AU)

Aprendiendo a reanimar en la escuela. Estudio en escolares de 8-12 años / Learning to resuscitate at school. Study in 8-12 year-old schoolchildren

Objetivo: Valorar cuantitativamente la capacidad de aprendizaje en soporte vital básico (teórica y práctica) de escolares de 8-12 años con un programa de formación adaptado a las escuelas. Material y métodos: Estudio cuasiexperimental con una muestra de conveniencia de 567 alumnos de 3° y 5° de Educación Primaria y 1° de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria, de 3 colegios concertados de Galicia, que recibieron 2h (una teórica y otra práctica) de formación en soporte vital básico por parte de sus profesores de Educación Física integrada en el programa escolar. Los niños fueron evaluados mediante un test teórico y una prueba práctica que midió la calidad de las compresiones torácicas y valoró la secuencia de soporte vital básico. (AU)

Objective: To quantitatively assess the learning capacity of school children aged between 8-12 years in basic life support (theory and practice) after a feasible school training programme. Material and methods: Quasi-experimental study with a convenience sample of 567 pupils in 3rd, 5th and 1st year of Primary Education, and Compulsory Secondary Education, respectively, from 3 public schools in Galicia. They received 2h (one theoretical and another practical) of basic life support training by their Physical Education teachers, as part of the school program. The children were evaluated by a theoretical test and a practical skill test that measured the quality of chest compressions, and assessed the performance of the basic life support sequence. (AU)

Learning to resuscitate at school. Study in 8-12 year-old schoolchildren.

OBJECTIVE: To quantitatively assess the learning capacity of school children aged between 8-12 years in basic life support (theory and practice) after a feasible school training programme. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Quasi-experimental study with a convenience sample of 567 pupils in 3rd and 5th year of Primary Education, and first year of Compulsory Secondary Education, from 3 public schools in Galicia. They received 2h (one theoretical and another practical) of basic life support training by their Physical Education teachers, as part of the school program. The children were evaluated by a theoretical test and a practical skill test that measured the quality of chest compressions, and assessed the performance of the basic life support sequence. RESULTS: The level of knowledge increased with respect to the baseline, and was higher in the higher grades (P < .001). The complete basic life support sequence was carried out by 16.5% of pupils in the 3rd year of Primary Education, 54.4% of pupils in the 5th year of Primary Education, and 28.5% of pupils in the 1st year of Secondary Education (P = .030). The following compression quality parameters improved significantly with age: continuity of compressions (P < .001), percentage of compressions performed at correct depth (P = .002), and median depth (P < .001), while the percentage of compressions with correct decompression decreased significantly (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Although their anthropometric characteristics may not allow them to achieve the ideal quality of this manoeuvre, a 2h theoretical and practical training programme, taught by Physical Education teachers, helps to improve the ability of children younger than 13 years old to recognise the emergency, start the chain of survival, and initiate chest compressions.

Eficacia de una intervención sobre soporte vital básico en estudiantes de grado de Enfermería / Efficacy of an intervention on basic life support in nursing degree students

Objetivo: evaluar la eficacia de una intervención sobre soporte vital básico (SVB) de adultos en estudiantes de Grado de Enfermería y analizar la consolidación del conocimiento a corto y medio plazo.Método: estudio cuasi-experimental con diseño pre-post de un solo grupo. Los participantes fueron estudiantes de Enfermería de una universidad española. La intervención consistió en una sesión teórica y otra práctica. Se evaluó el nivel de conocimientos sobre SVB pre-intervención, post-intervención inmediata y tras seis meses con un cuestionario ad hoc realizado por instructores certificados. Se realizó un análisis pre-post con la prueba de McNemar con un nivel de significación p≤ 0,05.Resultados: 128 estudiantes cumplimentaron el cuestionario inicial y post-intervención inmediata y 83 estudiantes el de los seis meses. Eran principalmente mujeres de entre 19 y 25 años que no habían recibido formación sobre SBV previa. El análisis de conocimientos post-intervención inmediata mostró un aumento estadísticamente significativo para todas las preguntas respecto del cuestionario pre-intervención. A los seis meses, el nivel de conocimiento seguía siendo mayor, aunque no se encontraron diferencias significativas en las preguntas sobre el orden correcto en la reanimación cardiopulmonar y la calidad de las compresiones torácicas. Los conocimientos de la post-intervención respecto a los de los seis meses se redujeron significativamente a excepción de la pregunta referida a la identificación del gasping y los puntos clave para una ventilación adecuada en la reanimación cardiopulmonar, que no obtuvieron significación estadística.Conclusiones: la intervención formativa incrementa el conocimiento a corto y medio plazo.(AU)

Objective: to evaluate the efficacy of an intervention on basic life support (BLS) for adults in Nursing Degree students, and to analyse knowledge consolidation at short and medium term.Method: a quasi-experimental study with pre-post design in a single arm. Participants were Nursing students from a Spanish university. The intervention consisted of one theoretical session and one practical session. The level of knowledge about BLS was evaluated before the intervention, after the intervention, immediately after the intervention, and at six months, with an ad hoc questionnaire prepared by certified instructors. A pre-post analysis was conducted with the McNemar test and a significance level p≤ 0,05.Results: 128 students completed the questionnaire initially and immediately after the intervention, and 83 students completed the questionnaire after 6 months. The participants were mostly 19-to-25-year-old females who had no previous training on BLS. The analysis of knowledge immediately after the intervention showed a statistically significant increase for all answers vs. the pre-intervention questionnaire. At six months, the level of knowledge continued being higher, although no significant differences were found in those questions about the correct order in cardiopulmonary resuscitation and the quality of chest compressions. Post-intervention knowledge was significantly reduced at six months, except for the question regarding the detection of gasping and the key points for an adequate ventilation in cardiopulmonary resuscitation, which did not achieve statistical significance.Conclusions: training intervention increases knowledge at short and medium term.(AU)

[Can we train the chain of survival while playing? Validation of the tool «Rescube¼]. / ¿Podemos enseñar la «cadena de supervivencia¼ jugando? Validación de la herramienta «Rescube¼.

PURPOSE: To validate the content and adequacy of the «Rescube¼ training material that includes adapted information from the chain of survival. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included three steps: (i)material development by 7 experts, following Delphi method; (ii)assessment of training material by 11 experts by means of a Likert score and calculation of content validity; and (iii)pilot study in two groups of 5 to 8years-old: Rescube group (GR; n=60) and Traditional group (GT; n=60). GR was trained with Rescube and a Teddy bear, while GT was traditionally trained with a pediatric manikin. Participants were individually assessed at baseline, and one week and one month after training. RESULTS: All content validity indexes calculated are above the recommended cut-off for analysis with more than 9 experts (≥0,80). Children's learning results were positive, with percentages equal or higher than 80% in all registered variables at the first (one week) evaluation and equal or higher than 67% when evaluated one month after training. No significant differences were detected between groups. CONCLUSION: The Rescube training tool based on infantile pictures is valid and useful to train young schoolchildren in the chain of survival.

Comparação de competências relacionadas à Reanimação Cardiopulmonar de discentes de enfermagem / Comparison of skills related to Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation of nursing students

Resumo O estudo teve por objetivo comparar as competências de discentes de enfermagem em relação à reanimação cardiopulmonar. Trata-se de estudo descritivo e quantitativo realizado em Instituição de Ensino Superior Pública do Nordeste do Brasil, de abril a julho de 2018. Os participantes foram 80 discentes de enfermagem. Foi aplicada uma prova teórica e prática para analisar conhecimento e habilidade dos participantes. Utilizou-se o Teste de Mann Whitney e Qui-Quadrado de Pearson. Os discentes com participação em ligas acadêmicas apresentaram melhores médias de conhecimento para identificar a vítima em parada cardiopulmonar, verificar corretamente a presença de pulso, disposição da vítima e ofertar os primeiros cuidados, além da administração de fármacos perante uma parada cardiopulmonar, e nas habilidades de avaliar a vítima, iniciar as compressões e realizá-las sem interrupções, com movimentação do tronco para aplicação de força. Ligas acadêmicas de urgência e emergência apresentam contribuições significantes para a formação de competência dos discentes em ressuscitação cardiopulmonar.

Abscract The study aimed to compare the skills of nursing students in relation to cardiopulmonary resuscitation. This is a descriptive and quantitative study carried out at a Public Higher Education Institution in Northeastern Brazil, from April to July 2018. Participants were 80 nursing students. A theoretical and practical test was applied to analyze the participants' knowledge and skills. Mann Whitney test and Pearson's chi-square test were used. Students with participation in academic leagues showed better averages of knowledge to identify the victim in cardiopulmonary arrest, correctly check the presence of a pulse, the victim's disposition and offer first care, in addition to the administration of drugs in the event of a cardiopulmonary arrest, and in the skills of assess the victim, start compressions and perform them without interruption, with movement of the trunk to apply force. Academic leagues of urgency and emergency make significant contributions to the formation of competence of students in cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

Resumen El objetivo de esta investigación fue comparar las habilidades de los estudiantes de enfermería en relación con la reanimación cardiopulmonar. Es un estudio descriptivo y cuantitativo realizado en una institución pública de educación superior en el noreste de Brasil, de abril a julio de 2018. Participaron 80 estudiantes de enfermería. Se aplicó una prueba teórica y práctica para analizar los conocimientos y habilidades de los participantes. Se utilizaron la prueba de Mann Whitney y la prueba de chi-cuadrado de Pearson. Los estudiantes con participación en ligas académicas mostraron mejores promedios de conocimiento para identificar a la víctima en un paro cardiopulmonar, verificar correctamente la presencia de pulso, la disposición de la víctima y ofrecer primeros cuidados, administración de drogas en caso de un paro cardiopulmonar, en las habilidades para evaluar a la víctima, iniciar compresiones y realizarlas sin interrupción, con movimiento del tronco para aplicar la fuerza. Las ligas académicas de urgencia y emergencia contribuyen significativamente a la formación de la competencia de los estudiantes en reanimación cardiopulmonar.

Preparación de los colegios y profesores de educación física en prevención de muerte súbita y soporte vital básico / Competence of schools and physical education teachers for sudden death prevention and basic life support

OBJETIVO: Conocer el nivel de preparación de colegios y profesores de educación física en prevención de muerte súbita (MS) y soporte vital básico, incluyendo disponibilidad y uso del desfibrilador externo automático (DEA). MÉTODOS: Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal, en profesores de educación física de establecimientos educacionales de distintos tipos de sostenedores (municipales, subvencionados y particulares) de Santiago, Chile, a través de un cuestionario online. Se analizaron datos demográficos del profesor, antecedentes de preparación y disposición de reanimación cardiopulmonar (RCP), presencia y uso de DEA y preparación del establecimiento ante un caso de MS. RESULTADOS: De 97 profesores encuestados, 71,1% no se siente capacitado para realizar RCP a pesar que un 70% del total ha realizado un curso. La disposición para realizar reanimación en aquellos que han realizado un curso, es 99%, comparado con 83% en quienes no lo han realizado (p=0,003). Existe una marcada diferencia en disponibilidad de DEA según tipo de sostenedor (52,4% en particulares, 29,6% en municipales y 15% en subvencionados, p=0,001), pero transversalmente no saben cómo utilizarlo (42,9 %, 40,7% y 25%, p=0,43). La mayoría de los colegios no cuenta con un plan de acción ante MS. CONCLUSIONES: Los colegios y profesores de educación física tienen una preparación insuficiente y desactualizada en prevención de muerte súbita y soporte vital básico, con una distribución heterogénea de DEA en establecimiento según tipo de sostenedor.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the competence of schools and physical education teachers in the prevention of sudden death (SD) and basic life support meassures, including availability and use of the automatic external defibrillator (AED). METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional study included physical education teachers from different Schools (public, subsidized and private) in Santiago, Chile. An online questionnaire was applied including demographic data of the teacher, comentence and willingness to perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), presence and use of AED and school preparation in case of a SD. RESULTS: From a total of 97 teachers surveyed do not feel capable of performing CPR, in spite of the fact that 70% of them completed a CPR course. Among those who took a course, their willingness to perform resuscitation was 99%, compared to 83% en those not having taken the course (p = 0.003). There was a marked difference in DEA availability according to class of school (private 52,4%, public 29,6 subsidized 15%, p=0,001), but the knowledge on how to use de DEA was uniformly insufficient (42,9 %, 40,7% and 25%, p=0,43) Most schools do not have a protocol to face SD. CONCLUSIONS: We observed that schools and physical education teachers have an insufficient and outdated preparation in sudden death prevention and basic life support. The availability of AED differed according to the class of establishment.

[Learning to resuscitate at school. Study in 8-12 year-old schoolchildren]. / Aprendiendo a reanimar en la escuela. Estudio en escolares de 8-12 años.

OBJECTIVE: To quantitatively assess the learning capacity of school children aged between 8-12 years in basic life support (theory and practice) after a feasible school training programme. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Quasi-experimental study with a convenience sample of 567 pupils in 3rd, 5th and 1st year of Primary Education, and Compulsory Secondary Education, respectively, from 3 public schools in Galicia. They received 2h (one theoretical and another practical) of basic life support training by their Physical Education teachers, as part of the school program. The children were evaluated by a theoretical test and a practical skill test that measured the quality of chest compressions, and assessed the performance of the basic life support sequence. RESULTS: The level of knowledge increased with respect to the baseline, and was higher in the higher grades (P<.001). The complete basic life support sequence was carried out by 16.5% of pupils in the 3rd year of Primary Education, 54.4% of pupils in the 5th year of Primary Education, and 28.5% of pupils in the 1st year of Secondary Education (P=.030). The following compression quality parameters improved significantly with age: continuity of compressions (P<.001), percentage of compressions performed at correct depth (P=.002), and median depth (P<.001), while the percentage of compressions with correct decompression decreased significantly (P<.001). CONCLUSIONS: Although their anthropometric characteristics may not allow them to achieve the ideal quality of this manoeuvre, a 2-h theoretical and practical training programme, taught by Physical Education teachers, helps to improve the ability of children younger than 13 years-old to recognise the emergency, start the chain of survival, and initiate chest compressions.

Improving medical emergency system: Results of a multi-professional questionnaire. / Mejora del sistema de urgencias médicas: resultados de un cuestionario multi-profesional.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to identify ways to improve the Medical Emergency System (MES) in its different components and infer Medical Emergency Team (MET) activation failure causes. METHODS: A questionnaire regarding opinions and attitudes towards the MES was conducted, targeting all professionals at the hospital, which has an implemented MES with Basic Life Support (BLS) since 1998. RESULTS: Thirty two percent (n=585) of hospital professionals answered, from these 37.8% were neither doctors nor nurses. In mean six years passed since the BLS certification, yet 102 professionals (17.4%) had not done it. A relevant percentage admitted to not being familiarized with the different components of the MES (activation criteria 16.4%, telephone number 4.1%, content of the resuscitation trolleys 42.4% and defibrillator-monitor 47.4%), percentages lessened among those had taken the BLS course. The majority highly valued MET, however 83 (23%) could not confirm that debriefingand 17 (4.4%) that allocation of tasks happened after and during activation, respectively. When activating MET 52 (18.1%) admitted fear of criticism and 38 (13.3%) agreed that they needed validation by another professional, factors not influenced by BLS course completion. Excessive workload as a barrier to recognize ill patients was pointed by 127 (45.7%) of the respondents. CONCLUSION: Despite educational and auditing efforts, the MES is not fully integrated into hospital culture. BLS certification for all professionals and non-technical skills of MET were identified has major areas for MES improvement. Unfamiliarity with activation criteria, fear of criticism and excessive workload were identified as failure of activation causes.

Suporte básico de vida: conhecimento de enfermeiras (os) que atuam na estratégia de saúde da família / Basic life support: knowledge of nurses working in the family health strategy / Soporte vital básico: conocimiento de las enfermeras que trabajan en la estrategia de salud familiar

Objetivo: analisar o conhecimento das enfermeiras (os) da ESF de um município do recôncavo baiano frente ao SBV. Método: Trata-se de uma pesquisa epidemiológica, descritiva, realizada com 14 enfermeiras (os) de Unidades Básicas de Saúde e de Unidades de Saúde da Família em um município do recôncavo baiano, utilizando-se questionário sobre características sociodemográficas, ocupacionais e de formação geral e específica sobre SBV. Os dados foram analisados por meio de da análise descritiva das variáveis, calculando-se as frequências absoluta e relativa e medidas de tendência central e dispersão. Resultados: a maioria possuía conhecimento de como verificar o pulso da vítima em PCR (92,9%), sobre a frequência das compressões torácicas caso não fosse possível garantir as ventilações (57,1%), quanto a profundidade mínima das compressões torácicas (71,4%). 92,9% não sabia o local adequado para colocação das mãos e realização das compressões torácicas, 50% tinha conhecimento das situações em que pode ser utilizado o DEA; 57,1% conheciam os ritmos de PCR e 57,1% os ritmos chocáveis de PCR. Conclusão: Constatou-se que as enfermeiras (os) possuem conhecimento satisfatório sobre a atuação no SBV frente a PCR.

Objective: To analyze the knowledge of FHS nurses from a municipality of Recôncavo de Bahía against SBV. Method: This is a descriptive epidemiological research, conducted with 14 nurses from Basic Health Units and Family Health Units in a municipality of Bahia, using a questionnaire on sociodemographic, occupational and educational characteristics and about general and specific SBV education. Data were analyzed through descriptive analysis of variables, calculating absolute and relative frequencies and measures of central tendency and dispersion. Results: most had knowledge of how to check the victim's pulse on cardiac arrest (92.9%), the frequency of chest compressions if ventilation could not be guaranteed (57.1%), and the minimum depth of chest compressions ( 71.4%). 92.9% did not know the proper place for hand placement and chest compressions; 50% were aware of the situations in which AED could be used; 57.1% knew the PCR rates and 57.1% were shockable PCR rates. Conclusion: We found that nurses have satisfactory knowledge about the performance of SBV in relation to CRP.

Objetivo: analizar el conocimiento de las enfermeras de FHS de un municipio en el Recôncavo de Bahía contra SBV. Método: Esta es una investigación epidemiológica descriptiva, realizada con 14 enfermeras de Unidades Básicas de Salud y Unidades de Salud Familiar en un municipio de Bahía, utilizando un cuestionario sobre características sociodemográficas, ocupacionales y educativas, asi como formación general y específica sobre SBV. Los datos se analizaron mediante un análisis descriptivo de variables, calculando frecuencias absolutas y relativas y medidas de tendencia central y dispersión. Resultados: la mayoría tenía conocimiento de cómo verificar el pulso de la víctima en un paro cardíaco (92,9%), la frecuencia de las compresiones torácicas si no se podía garantizar la ventilación (57,1%) y la profundidad mínima de las compresiones torácicas ( 71,4%). 92.9% no conocía el lugar adecuado para la colocación de las manos y las compresiones torácicas, 50% estaba al tanto de las situaciones en las que se podía usar el DEA; 57.1% conocía las tasas de PCR y 57.1% eran tasas de PCR impactables. Conclusión: se encontró que las enfermeras tienen un conocimiento satisfactorio sobre el desempeño del SBV en relación con la PCR.

Teachers' training of schoolchildren in basic life support. / Formación de escolares en soporte vital básico por sus propios profesores.

OBJECTIVES: To assess first-year secondary-school students' knowledge and performance of basic life support (BLS) 6 months after training given by their regular teachers during school hours. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Sixty-two teachers were trained in BLS instruction. They then instructed 1043 students. The students' knowledge increased significantly from mean (SD) scores of 4.42 (1.64) to 7.28 (1.85) (P < .001) and was maintained at 6 months (mean score, 5.15 [3.16]; P <.001). Performance skills were also maintained at 6 months, although the students had greater difficulty attaining ventilation targets. RESULTS: Sixty-two teachers were trained in BLS instruction. They then instructed 1043 students. The students' knowledge increased significantly from mean (SD) scores of 4.42 (1.64) to 7.28 (1.85) (P < .001) and was maintained at 6 months (mean score, 5.15 [3.16]; P < .001). Performance skills were also maintained at 6 months, although the students had greater difficulty attaining ventilation targets. CONCLUSION: Teachers' training of their own first-year secondary students during regular school hours led to changes in the students' attitudes toward the possibility of cardiac arrest and to the learning of BLS techniques.

OBJETIVO: Evaluar la formación en soporte vital básico (SVB), en horario escolar, de alumnos de primero de la enseñanza secundaria obligatoria (ESO) por sus propios profesores y su resultado a los seis meses. METODO: Estudio observacional prospectivo, con análisis pre y postintervención a los seis meses. Se impartieron cursos de SVB según las recomendaciones del European Resuscitation Council a los profesores y estos a sus alumnos. Los exámenes teóricos y prácticos fueron realizados por los profesores. RESULTADOS: . Se formaron 62 profesores que instruyeron a 1.043 alumnos. Hubo un aumento significativo de los conocimientos teóricos [de 4,42 (DE 1,64) a 7,28 (1,85), p < 0,001] aunque descendió a los seis meses [5,15 (3,16), p < 0,001]. Las habilidades prácticas también se mantuvieron a los seis meses, aunque con mayor dificultad las relacionadas con la vía aérea. CONCLUSIONES: La formación en SVB de escolares de primero de la ESO realizada por sus propios profesores en horario modificó la actitud de los escolares ante una posible parada cardiaca y logró un aprendizaje de las técnicas que desciende a los 6 meses.

Suporte básico de vida: capacitação de agentes penitenciários federais para atuação em situações de urgência/emergência / Soporte vital básico: formación para federal guardias de la prisión acción en situaciones de emergencia/emergency / Basic life support: training of federal penitentiary agents for action in situations of emergency

Objective: the study aimed to expose the practice of an activity of extension performed in order to train agents of the Federal Penitentiary of Mossoró/RN. Methods: For implementation of Basic Life Support (BLS) in urgency/emergency situations. The activity took place from November 2012 to September 2013, coordinated by a professor, with the participation of 09 students of the Faculty of Nursing at the University of Rio Grande do Norte. Results: This work allowed the correctional officers to improve previous notions about the theme, as well as acquire new knowledge in view of the possibility to apply them in their daily professional life and also personal. Conclusion: In this sense, the project objectives were included in the progress was evidence during the stages of teaching and learning.

Objetivo: expor a prática de uma atividade de extensão realizada no intuito de capacitar os agentes penitenciários da Penitenciária Federal de Mossoró/RN. Métodos: Para aplicação do Suporte Básico de Vida (SBV) em situações de urgência/emergência. A atividade aconteceu no período de novembro de 2012 a setembro de 2013, coordenado por um docente, com a participação de 09 discentes da Faculdade de Enfermagem da Universidade do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte. Resultados: A realização deste trabalho permitiu aos agentes penitenciários aperfeiçoar noções prévias acerca da temática, bem como adquirir novos conhecimentos, tendo em vista a possibilidade de aplicá-los no seu cotidiano no âmbito profissional, como também pessoal. Conclusão: Nesse sentido, os objetivos do projeto foram contemplados na medida em que foram evidenciados os avanços durante as etapas do ensino-aprendizagem.

Objetivo: el estudio tuvo como objetivo exponer la práctica de una extensión de la actividad que se realiza con el fin de capacitar a los oficiales correccionales de la Penitenciaría Federal de Mossoró/ RN. Métodos: Para la implementación de Soporte Vital Básico (SVB) en situaciones de urgencia/emergencia. La actividad se llevó a cabo a partir de noviembre 2012 a septiembre 2013, coordinado por un profesor, con la participación de 09 estudiantes de la Facultad de Enfermería de la Universidad de Río Grande do Norte. Resultados: Este trabajo permitió a los oficiales correccionales mejorar nociones previas sobre el tema, así como adquirir nuevos conocimientos, teniendo encuenta la posibilidad de aplicar los en su vida diaria en el profesional, sino también personal. Conclusión: En este sentido, se incluyeron los objetivos del proyecto en que el progreso era evidente durante las etapas de la enseñanza y el aprendizaje.

Learning cardiopulmonary resuscitation theory with face-to-face versus audiovisual instruction for secondary school students: a randomized controlled trial. / Ensayo clínico aleatorizado controlado que compara la formación presencial frente a la no presencial en el aprendizaje teórico de la reanimación cardiopulmonar entre los estudiantes de secundaria.

OBJECTIVES: To compare secondary students' learning of basic life support (BLS) theory and the use of an automatic external defibrillator (AED) through face-to-face classroom instruction versus educational video instruction. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 2225 secondary students from 15 schools were randomly assigned to one of the following 5 instructional groups: 1) face-to-face instruction with no audiovisual support, 2) face-to-face instruction with audiovisual support, 3) audiovisual instruction without face-to-face instruction, 4) audiovisual instruction with face-to-face instruction, and 5) a control group that received no instruction. The students took a test of BLS and AED theory before instruction, immediately after instruction, and 2 months later. RESULTS: The median (interquartile range) scores overall were 2.33 (2.17) at baseline, 5.33 (4.66) immediately after instruction (P<.001) and 6.00 (3.33) (P<.001). All groups except the control group improved their scores. Scores immediately after instruction and 2 months later were statistically similar after all types of instruction. CONCLUSION: No significant differences between face-to-face instruction and audiovisual instruction for learning BLS and AED theory were found in secondary school students either immediately after instruction or 2 months later.

OBJETIVO: Comparar la formación presencial, mediante una clase teórica, frente a la formación no presencial, con un método audiovisual con y sin refuerzo posterior, en el aprendizaje teórico del soporte vital básico (SVB) y el desfibrilador externo automático (DEA) entre los estudiantes de secundaria. METODO: Se llevó a cabo un ensayo clínico aleatorizado que incluyó a 2.225 estudiantes de secundaria procedentes de 15 centros educativos que fueron asignados al azar a uno de los siguientes cinco grupos: 1) Grupo formación presencial sin refuerzo; 2) Grupo formación presencial con refuerzo; 3) Grupo formación audiovisual sin refuerzo; 4) Grupo formación audiovisual con refuerzo; 5) Grupo control. Se realizó un test sobre aspectos teóricos del SVB y DEA antes, después y a los 2 meses de la estrategia formativa. RESULTADOS: Los resultados mostraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en todos los grupos, excepto el grupo control, entre la puntuación obtenida en el test basal 2,33 (RIC 2,17) y el test inmediato 5,33 (RIC 4,66) (p < 0,001), y entre el test basal y el test final 6,00 (RIC 3,33) (p < 0,001). No hubo diferencias en el aprendizaje inmediato y a los 2 meses entre los diferentes tipos de formaciones. CONCLUSIONES: No se encontraron diferencias entre la formación presencial mediante charlas teóricas y la formación no presencial con método audiovisual en el aprendizaje teórico inmediato y a los dos meses en el aprendizaje teórico del SVB y el DEA entre los estudiantes de secundaria.

Effect of 3basic life support training programs in future primary school teachers. A quasi-experimental design. / Efecto de 3métodos de enseñanza en soporte vital básico en futuros maestros de Educación Primaria. Un diseño cuasiexperimental.

AIM: To evaluate the learning of basic life support (BLS) measures on the part of laypersons after 3different teaching programs. DESIGN: A quasi-experimental before-after study involving a non-probabilistic sample without a control group was carried out. SCOPE: Primary school teacher students from the University of Santiago (Spain). PARTICIPANTS: A total of 124 students (68.8% women and 31.2% men) aged 20-39 years (M=22.23; SD=3.79), with no previous knowledge of BLS, were studied. INTERVENTIONS: Three teaching programs were used: a traditional course, an audio-visual approach and feedback devices. MAIN VARIABLES OF INTEREST: Chest compressions as sole cardiopulmonary resuscitation skill evaluation: average compression depth, compression rate, chest recoil percentage and percentage of correct compressions. Automated external defibrillator: time needed to apply a shock before and after the course. RESULTS: There were significant differences in the results obtained after 2minutes of chest compressions, depending on the training program received, with feedback devices having a clear advantage referred to average compression depth (p<0.001), compression rate (p<0.001), chest recoil percentage (p<0.001) and percentage of correct compressions (p<0.001). Regarding automated external defibrillator, statistically significant differences were found in Tafter (p=0.025). CONCLUSIONS: The teaching course using feedback devices obtained the best results in terms of the quality of chest compressions, followed by the traditional course and audio-visual approach. These favorable results were present in both men and women. All 3teaching methods reached the goal of reducing defibrillation time.

Basic life support: evaluation of learning using simulation and immediate feedback devices / Suporte básico de vida: avaliação da aprendizagem com uso de simulação e dispositivos de feedback imediato / Soporte vital básico: evaluación del aprendizaje con uso de simulación y dispositivos de retroalimentación inmediata

ABSTRACT Objective: to evaluate students' learning in an online course on basic life support with immediate feedback devices, during a simulation of care during cardiorespiratory arrest. Method: a quasi-experimental study, using a before-and-after design. An online course on basic life support was developed and administered to participants, as an educational intervention. Theoretical learning was evaluated by means of a pre- and post-test and, to verify the practice, simulation with immediate feedback devices was used. Results: there were 62 participants, 87% female, 90% in the first and second year of college, with a mean age of 21.47 (standard deviation 2.39). With a 95% confidence level, the mean scores in the pre-test were 6.4 (standard deviation 1.61), and 9.3 in the post-test (standard deviation 0.82, p <0.001); in practice, 9.1 (standard deviation 0.95) with performance equivalent to basic cardiopulmonary resuscitation, according to the feedback device; 43.7 (standard deviation 26.86) mean duration of the compression cycle by second of 20.5 (standard deviation 9.47); number of compressions 167.2 (standard deviation 57.06); depth of compressions of 48.1 millimeter (standard deviation 10.49); volume of ventilation 742.7 (standard deviation 301.12); flow fraction percentage of 40.3 (standard deviation 10.03). Conclusion: the online course contributed to learning of basic life support. In view of the need for technological innovations in teaching and systematization of cardiopulmonary resuscitation, simulation and feedback devices are resources that favor learning and performance awareness in performing the maneuvers.

RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar o aprendizado de estudantes no curso online sobre suporte básico de vida com dispositivos de retroalimentação imediata, em simulação de atendimento em parada cardiorrespiratória. Método: pesquisa quase-experimental, do tipo antes-depois. Foi desenvolvido curso online sobre suporte básico e aplicado aos participantes, como intervenção educacional. O aprendizado teórico foi avaliado por meio de pré e pós-teste e, para verificar a prática, utilizou-se simulação com dispositivos de retroalimentação imediata. Resultados: 62 concluintes, sendo 87% mulheres, 90% do primeiro e segundo ano de faculdade, idade média de 21,47 (desvio-padrão 2,39). Com índice de confiabilidade de 95%, a média das notas no pré-teste foi 6,4 (desvio-padrão 1,61) e, no pós-teste, 9,3 (desvio-padrão 0,82), p<0,001; na prática, 9,1 (desvio-padrão 0,95) e, de acordo com o dispositivo de feedback com desempenho equivalente à reanimação cardiopulmonar básica, 43,7 (desvio-padrão 26,86), médias de duração do ciclo de compressões por segundo de 20,5 (desvio-padrão 9,47), número de compressões de 167,2 (desvio-padrão 57,06), profundidade de compressões por milímetro de 48,1 (desvio-padrão 10,49), volume de ventilação de 742,7 (desvio-padrão 301,12), percentual de fração de fluxo de 40,3 (desvio-padrão 10,03). Conclusão: com o curso online houve contribuição para o aprendizado do suporte básico de vida. Em face da necessidade de inovações tecnológicas no ensino e na sistematização da reanimação cardiopulmonar, simulação e dispositivos de retroalimentação são recursos que favorecem o aprendizado e a consciência da performance na realização das manobras.

RESUMEN Objetivo: evaluar el aprendizaje de estudiantes en curso online sobre soporte vital básico de vida con dispositivos de retroalimentación inmediata, en simulación de asistencia en paro cardiorrespiratorio. Método: investigación casi-experimental, del tipo antes-después. Se desarrolló un curso online sobre soporte básico y aplicado a los participantes, como intervención educacional. El aprendizaje teórico fue evaluado por medio de pre y pos-test y, para verificar la práctica, se utilizó una simulación con dispositivos de retroalimentación inmediata. Resultados: 62 graduados, el 87% mujeres, el 90% del primero y segundo año de facultad, edad media de 21.47 (desviación estándar 2.39). Con índice de confiabilidad del 95%, la media de las notas en pre-test fue de 6.4 (desviación estándar1.61) y, en pos-test, 9.3 (desviación estándar 0.82), p<0.001; en la práctica, 9.1 (desviación estándar 0.95) y, de acuerdo con el dispositivo de retroalimentación con desempeño equivalente a la reanimación cardiopulmonar básica, 43.7 (desviación estándar 26.86), medias de duración del ciclo de compresiones por segundo de 20.5 (desviación estándar 9.47), número de compresiones de 1672 (desviación estándar 57.06), profundidad de compresiones por milímetro de 48.1 (desviación estándar 10.49), volumen de ventilación de 742.7 (desviación estándar 301.12), porcentual de fracción de flujo de 40.3 (desviación estándar 10.03). Conclusión: con el curso online hubo contribución al aprendizaje del soporte vital básico. En vista de la necesidad de innovaciones tecnológicas en la enseñanza y en la sistematización de la reanimación cardiopulmonar, simulación y dispositivos de retroalimentación son recursos que favorecen el aprendizaje y la consciencia del desempeño en la realización de las maniobras.

Associated factors with knowledge of basic life support in medical students from nine Peruvian universities / Factores asociados con el conocimiento de soporte vital básico en estudiantes de medicina de nueve universidades peruanas

Abstract: Introduction: Basic life support (BLS) are a group of maneuvers that constitute a fundamental tool to save lives. Therefore, knowledge about BLS has to be part of the curriculum in medical schools. Objective: Evaluate the knowledge level about BLS and evaluate its associated socio-educational factors, in medical students from nine Peruvian universities. Material and methods: We carried out a cross-sectional multicenter study in 2013 and 2014. We included undergraduate medical students from nine universities in eight regions or Peru. We measured the knowledge about BLS using a validated questionnaire, which was based in American Heart Association Guidelines (2010); adequate knowledge was defined as a minimum proportion of 50% of correct answers. We estimate adjusted prevalence ratios using generalized linear models. Results: We included 1,564 students, 13% of the students had an adequate knowledge, and average score was 6.3 ± 3.2 (range: 0-16). Adequate knowledge was associated with attending semesters that belong to academic stage of clinical sciences (p = 0.02; aPR: 1.82; CI: 95%: 1.11-2.98) and having received a previous BLS course (p < 0.01; aPR: 2.96; CI: 95%: 2.18-4.01); adjusted by age, sex, having received a previous injections and first aids courses, and to manifest the desire to be trained in practical BLS. Conclusion: A low proportion of students have an adequate knowledge level about BLS in this population.

Resumen: Introducción: Soporte vital básico (SVB) es un conjunto de maniobras que constituyen una herramienta fundamental para salvar vidas. Por lo tanto, el conocimiento sobre el SVB tiene que ser parte del plan de estudios en las escuelas de medicina. Objetivo: Evaluar el nivel de conocimiento acerca del SVB y evaluar sus factores socio-educativos asociados, en los estudiantes de medicina de nueve universidades peruanas. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal, multicéntrico en 2013 y 2014. Se incluyeron estudiantes de medicina de nueve universidades en ocho regiones del Perú. Se midió el conocimiento acerca del SVB mediante un cuestionario validado, basado en las directrices de la Asociación Americana del Corazón (2010); el conocimiento adecuado se define como una proporción mínima del 50% de respuestas correctas. Calculamos las razones de prevalencia mediante el uso de modelos lineales generalizados. Resultados: Se incluyeron 1,564 estudiantes, el 13% de los estudiantes tenía un conocimiento adecuado, y la puntuación media fue de 6.3 ± 3.2 (rango: 0-16). El tener una nota aprobatoria estuvo asociado al cursar ciclos que pertenecen a la etapa académica de ciencias clínicas (p = 0.02; aPR: 1.82; IC 95%: 1.11-2.98) y de haber recibido un curso de SVB anterior (p < 0.01; aPR: 2.96; IC 95%: 2.18-4.01), ajustada por edad, sexo, que hayan recibido un curso de primeros auxilios e inyecciones anteriormente y de haber manifestado el deseo de ser entrenados en la práctica del SVB. Conclusión: Una baja proporción de estudiantes tiene un adecuado nivel de conocimiento acerca de SVB en esta población.